Fang Ling's Public RSA Key

Undergraduate  •  Guitar Player  •  Gear  •  GitHub

If you'd like to send me encrypted messages, or verify a message I've signed, here's my public key. It's a 16384-bit key with PKCS#1 (PEM) format.

-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----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==
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
Rendered with ♡ by zyy

You may wish to use the PKCS#8 format.

-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----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-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
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You may also prefer the OpenSSH key (RFC 4716/SSH2) format.

ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAAIAQDSN/1F8QDIk9mi41RTW6NnkAgSH0X+n9LY5U/fwil3A/WPfuwUNrIXzR3RXtZTFfJlj1xx0/11eR0yjFL8E6GV+7y005ITilaCTDzG6LQdGwIggxz82eviJ7+YCpSpf5d2x7NZ4EcejA1dSxchHcxP1LeB1m9OWCFuJ8HNvU1LJ6GbDJSQCRwwomI1dpw2jL+uLPuAohHUJ8eMIw+SoLOq7u1qLX7KN6akcpTbFKKlhPkasgGticNbAC9R8qVuiWDHTUiLLClJNVp19f4VkhMHNz6kVbv8LVBU8+iLgfzPDK/b0w5DXHNgKZ9hYsIeG0fV2JGMfJsAgSrTve4V1107JkkxZJ7LY5gqiQhaJ02wZOJekTvQk7P8dzZtZD7V9kDuWAGyMFyyqslxlphGnMFQdYgpxYetvfZqgka/f/X3MOcI39MYnkgdnuy6JliWx+iDdiPhZj2FLcoaSwxko35WZPyBBxduXgkusq75Dj0QSRt1l7Ia6IoNXT7YeNeTtTPY70+2vspToH2E9eOxfaNBcOStYQHo5Wm6pqZ6d6a6J8VCp1bIL1PLOJ628QohfPgTB4OII7Sp103cIcZdybCRVn4DMpwsdVh3sgF48MjBYTQyJ/YDVfDc3L7gpesMcdaGsgeZFCRCEdETCBFUe9OyTW1wP0UuYQ3mB+uLyfFT8CxoQqxh2zijravSXU5m+n8tM/X8qcFVTlfhYoyYbgKbrsugtY66Q4TyNrc2O80uQtLuXA77m0iG9tKGg8SbvveutRMI0oKeSp9rgfaPHO/rr1YdLIKj/A3LnFfHNULf5BgQgd0EwOIawxemVwkMl3BQeQSnHZCO++l7oMRTdqlttDm/TPApbx4t8Mkkb7thjm5RLkgXNlbfoWfvA1aHRy0F6XbzkFh25gXMMWO41TkxjxWjsunTDM2z7AIKXg5R6J5GjJZgF1xNr+FuOhufqwbHv7NxrXEu+mAPB7c4Ts3Xeb/g81WCBWD1M6Dq+J8GuX/Mz/NOg40+RaJ7QATCdbu+hOPtySwoVC4KohOEs77tojGbbCRK/+ipG4fpB2wlKAQR6LobBXp6g+3DDlMQ/9rLpoUrsKA4KujjkFbgxe5Ah5qdh1rUbDltCM5tP62QYdH20MiT6WEiADsO+CW7OH4z57deSKSNyQ6noqxl5N08OahdrUgP/UxYpkPGY9MzkxvI7RG927f9+sG13WOqCDH2Fsj9aUVtC/ps/FC/4ohxu3Q63kmubTpauVQ5tBgbhbVmn6vS0+F2phVy3lU0iiYLSv3sYveaNnZg9vULKmfPdaxWQcfi4bWOYduvdQ8ZH3f8NGY9QNxnRoqiserU+A4kcPqJzQs9moIlaZa4t+FrsjYDH54DItNzvMcMi2Om0FoqpWD6WDQsfhXJ2DO5+SeEf8ZJbdtV81wzHh4i9b84OkcYJ1U7pULOzyT04x+TXV4Z6Nhecj91LmIR2w/ppWRWsSqkI52WfqPxIV7nPKsWGNJ+nPWMXMRXA+SuofL9dQ54Emwr+J4/88Q2m9jgvNEKaG+wmZ3635Ai0IOa6WclVaTP9E90sGKMo0fGBzuM6drBKbXcVzjIEpGxZiBqI3m6JsldUKmlxoTPn3dMvDkl2y1cXSYW+GuALAPyHWPAVs3SUwpIT16khVRJMrVdNIAgXgAll/vuJfS/pe5tKC33vczvqGemZvNbGz3S/ZnrLSZ5EDDa2edPPTYFg/rbLTJ0qegSLca5zWPytr5E34CTvekt3Ct2widsry3BtcrR+04610/li6IHytNiaTVjdbNEWuwAbpLbOQbAH974MoubDvsshL30VFiOsLKCIrxOLFoA/QmpPcXdFNgzA5gI1v1nZrMC2q02Om99/smuOyAT/aW8gYby53Q7Ty/PNQKT6Bcy5LabyHoscLcKvBn30/Lw1SQuAbShUVV+qTX4E2SeT9eniptqlkKNOU6B5WzSzVK2PYl4nl0TNUeha0RmorXJX1Im4mm7sQM0Z+tsmsKbJK/o5NhlSwQljCbS3UOP4rBxG1qIax7tgZuk3hh0wKYUMi2sggpffkOHbrA0aFT/LuW23GBcWGtzmhISAcsu4N0eKfiBgl2Y8EsdL/WdPrf+IicxVVRmSw/7+teKD/Y4mVAbeVL/4aJOuwfH5HXLOS5kFZudxZCpxcYe5Ohyd9u+712Hw/yIji6GA2WTmEJnRlB2Q3W6slFuf+wRF5psGR6L0R5+u84DjwTlZYa0zuwZuB/QgbigQgpGijbH/0enKl+IJKKUDGxjeFiWjxM39wWSc5inGY7mCfIlWEBc2Eo+i+H4bQ8DznUgRAd6cgnWrEG4FxFN3h9qL6C2R0E6p8xVpjjnLkYeMSxYWhQNCokItQYxlz2WmMRcoznK9+VRj9NIkXalGLrkOBwBgSNE5jowCPND4xxoRDcMDF+coFmqf+dUrv2Ol86AZlaWxslCJOwuMUZUQ/l1L67vXBLo4G2TUFTkBb5mqvqcMCXknLeZkKojq/1R+CW6hCKejLZ3+nCGyXnWldoAOGiJGoRuYDJLUzaXy77+vFklzIqhMat5Tlng7v3Adgf05fe6A7jIDQC3aRD17iX9jMdkgl4Y+/EpphL8mKz1DtZCcPG7rQ/ZrwWrSzvxxU9UbwnVW7/i+0M9mFtmaJtiO9vfPTnvqwnLrrk0+b/oMRe2V2A5OomZikcaThGi6udkdSKMSm0U3tVNqWBqgae5gyq5ATT0vQ==
Rendered with ♡ by zyy

Here is an example to encrypt messages via openssl with the public key (PKCS#8).

echo "TOP SECRET" | openssl rsautl -encrypt -inkey PKCS8.pub -pubin | base64
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Here is an example to convert public keys among various key formats.

# PKCS#1 ~---> RFC 4716/SSH2
ssh-keygen -i -f pubkeyfile -m PEM
# RFC 4716/SSH2 ~---> PKCS#8
ssh-keygen -e -f pubkeyfile -m PKCS8
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You may wish to use the following command to retrieve the SHA256/MD5 fingerprint:

# SHA256
ssh-keygen -lf pubkeyfile
# MD5
ssh-keygen -E md5 -lf pubkeyfile
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Last updated January 25, 2024 by Fang Ling.